Chuck Holton
Politics • Culture • News
Syria’s Fragile Lines Shift Again
Aleppo’s Fall and What it Means for the Region (INCLUDING Armenia)
December 02, 2024
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Syria’s long-running conflict has taken a dramatic turn. In a stunning offensive, extremist Islamist groups led by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) have seized significant territory, including the strategic Nayrab military airport near Aleppo. This marks the largest opposition gains in years, with territory now under their control surpassing the size of Lebanon.

A Rapid Advance

HTS, a former al-Qaeda affiliate, capitalized on Assad’s overstretched forces, sweeping through northern Syria in record time. Their gains reflect cracks in Assad’s regime as his key allies—Russia, Iran, and Hezbollah—grapple with other crises. Iran has responded by sending reinforcements from Iraqi militias, including Kata'ib Hezbollah and Fatemiyoun, to bolster Assad’s forces on the northern front lines.

Why Now?

Three factors triggered the offensive:

  1. Assad’s Airstrikes: Recent intensified bombings on opposition-held areas provoked retaliation.
  2. Israeli Strikes: Months of Israeli airstrikes weakened Assad’s forces and infrastructure.
  3. Allied Fatigue: Russia’s focus on Ukraine, Hezbollah’s troubles in Lebanon, and Iran’s struggles left Assad vulnerable.

What It Means for the Region

The chaos reverberates beyond Syria’s borders. Iran’s deployment of militias underscores its commitment to propping up Assad, but it also risks increasing tensions with Israel. With Iranian-backed fighters now active near the Golan Heights, Israel may step up its strikes on supply lines and militias, potentially dragging the region into further instability.

What It Means for Israel

The chaos near Israel’s border raises concerns over Iran’s supply routes to Hezbollah, which could disrupt the regional balance of power. Israel may face increased threats if opposition groups like HTS gain control of strategic areas—or if Iran redoubles efforts to bolster Assad.

Winners and Losers

Winner: Turkey. By leveraging its influence over some opposition groups, Ankara is deepening its reach into Syrian territory, enhancing its leverage against Assad and regional players.
Loser: Putin. Stretched thin across multiple conflicts, Russia may struggle to prioritize Assad, leaving him more isolated.

Turkey’s Ambitions: A Broader Agenda

Adding to the instability is a concerning map circulating on Turkish social media, outlining Turkey's ambitions to control Kurdish regions across Syria, Iraq, and even Armenia. Dubbed the "Turkish National Covenant," this vision extends Turkey’s reach to include Aleppo, Mosul, Kirkuk, and parts of Armenia, hinting at a much larger geopolitical strategy.

While Turkey has long sought to suppress Kurdish autonomy, this expansionist rhetoric revives painful memories for Armenia, a tiny Christian nation already reeling from past Turkish aggression. Most notably, the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war saw Turkey backing Azerbaijan in a devastating conflict that forced Armenians from their historic lands. These actions are a modern echo of Turkey’s earlier role in the Armenian Genocide of 1915, when 1.5 million Armenians were systematically killed or displaced.

The shifting battle lines in Syria reflect a fragile and volatile balance, with consequences likely to ripple across the Middle East. As Assad struggles to regain control, the involvement of regional powers ensures that this conflict remains anything but contained.

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2026: What I’m Watching, and Why I Think It Matters

As the year winds down, I’ve been thinking a lot about where we’re headed next — not in a sensational way, but in a practical one. People ask me all the time, “What do you think 2026 is going to look like?”
And my answer usually disappoints them. Because I don’t think it’s going to be defined by one big event. I think it’s going to be defined by pressure. Pressure on systems. Pressure on governments. Pressure on families. Pressure on people who are already stretched thin. And when enough pressure builds up in enough places at the same time, things start to move — sometimes in ways no one intended.

 

The World Feels Unsettled Because It Is

One thing that’s hard to ignore right now is how much unrest there is everywhere you look. More than half the countries on Earth are dealing with some form of conflict — not always open war, but violence, insurgency, civil disorder, or proxy fighting. That’s not normal, and it’s not sustainable. What’s different now is that most of these conflicts aren’t clean or contained. They overlap. They spill. They bleed into other regions and other systems — economics, energy, migration, politics. It creates a sense that nothing is fully stable anymore, even if daily life looks mostly normal.

Ukraine 

I keep coming back to Ukraine, not because it’s the only war that matters, but because it shows us how modern conflict actually works. I’ve been there. I’ve talked to people who are living through it, not watching it on a screen. What strikes you immediately is how normal life continues even under extraordinary strain. Russia has taken ground. That’s true. But it has paid an astonishing price to do it. Hundreds of thousands of casualties. Massive equipment losses. A constant drain on manpower and money. And increasingly, a war economy that’s cannibalizing the rest of the country. At the same time, Ukraine has focused on something far less visible than territory: Russia’s ability to sustain the fight. Oil facilities. Logistics. Supply chains. These are slow, unglamorous targets — but they matter. The lesson here isn’t who’s winning today. The lesson is that wars are no longer decided quickly, and they’re rarely decided cleanly. They grind. They exhaust. And they punish countries that mistake endurance for strength.

 

Iran

Iran is another place where pressure is building. Economically, things are very bad. Prices have skyrocketed. Infrastructure is failing. Water shortages alone would destabilize any country, let alone one already struggling under sanctions and mismanagement. Socially, the protests are telling. They aren’t just symbolic. They’re persistent, and they’re widespread. When people chant that they can’t all be arrested, that tells you something important has shifted. History suggests that governments under that kind of internal strain don’t usually become more restrained abroad. They become more unpredictable. That’s why I don’t think the tension between Iran and Israel is finished — regardless of what gets said publicly.

 

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Three Americans Killed in Syria — and the Question Washington Doesn’t Want to Answer

Breaking news this Saturday: three Americans are dead in Syria tonight, three more are wounded, and the attack—described by U.S. Central Command as an ambush carried out by a lone ISIS gunman—has once again dragged the Syrian war back into the American consciousness for a few brief hours, which is usually all the time the public gives it before the news cycle moves on and the families are left to carry the weight alone.

 

CENTCOM says two of the dead were U.S. service members and one was an American civilian contractor, and that the attacker was engaged and killed as well, with names being withheld until next of kin are notified, which is the right thing to do; but even with those official facts in hand, I want to slow the pace down a little bit and do what I always try to do here—put this in context—because in a place like Syria, the story you get in the headline is almost never the story that explains why this happened.

I’m not interested in reporting tragedy like it’s a scoreboard, and I’m not interested in repeating a paragraph of breaking news without the background that makes it intelligible; I spent eight years in the military, and I’ve spent more than twenty years following the U.S. military across the globe—Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria included, with more than a dozen trips into Afghanistan, roughly fifteen into Iraq, and seven or so into Syria—so when Americans die in a place most people couldn’t find on a map, I feel a responsibility to show you what the map actually means.

The desert isn’t empty—ISIS hides in the “nothing”

The reported location of the attack is Palmyra—Palmira on some maps—an ancient city in central Syria that sits on the edge of a brutal expanse of desert, the kind of wide open, sun-blasted country where outsiders assume nothing lives and nothing happens, when in reality it’s exactly the kind of terrain insurgents love because “nothing” is a perfect disguise, a perfect place to move, cache weapons, blend into small villages, disappear into wadis, and wait for opportunities.

Palmyra also sits inside territory controlled by Syria’s new administration under Ahmed al-Sharaa, and if that name makes you pause, it should, because this is where Syrian politics gets complicated in the way only Syria can do: al-Sharaa rose through jihadist ranks, he has a history tied to insurgent warfare against Americans in Iraq, he was captured and held for years, and he later returned to Syria and consolidated power with strong Turkish backing—so when you hear phrases like “new Syrian administration” or “transitional government,” don’t imagine a Western-style democracy that suddenly appeared out of the sand; imagine a patchwork of militias, alliances of convenience, old enemies wearing new uniforms, and a leadership class that wants international legitimacy while carrying a past that cannot be scrubbed clean with a new suit and a new flag.

Now layer on top of that the reality that ISIS is not gone from Syria, not even close.

U.S. estimates have long suggested there are still roughly 2,000 to 3,000 ISIS fighters operating in and around the central Syrian desert, and there are far more than that if you include facilitators, family networks, financiers, and the enormous number of ISIS-linked detainees and relatives held in camps and makeshift prisons; and while that fight has mostly slipped out of the American public’s view, it continues quietly, relentlessly, week after week, because the moment pressure is relieved in a place like this, the violence doesn’t fade—it regroups.

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That’s the mission, and it’s not abstract; when ISIS surged the last time, the human cost was staggering, and it wasn’t paid by politicians or pundits—it was paid by Iraqi soldiers, Kurdish fighters, civilians, and yes, Americans too—and the reason our presence in Syria still functions as a deterrent is that in a powder keg region, a small, capable American footprint has a way of discouraging ambitious actors from taking the final step that turns instability into open war.

But here is the part that doesn’t get said out loud very often: the mission in Syria is increasingly tangled up in partnerships that are, at best, uneasy and, at worst, morally and strategically risky.

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